We take our noise measurements with the sound meter positioned 1 foot from the graphics card. I measured the noise floor to be 32 dBA, thus anything above this level can be attributed to the graphics cards. The power supply is passive for the entire power output range we tested all graphics cards in, while all CPU and system fans were disabled. A reading under load comes from running Cyberpunk 2077 for 30 minutes.
Noise levels for all three cards are highly impressive. Both the Founders Edition and Gigabyte Windforce models produced just 35dBa of fan noise, while the Palit Dual ran just 1dBa louder, which was barely noticeable to my ear. Clearly the low-power design of the 4070 is no trouble for these coolers.